Intro to Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example Body art has the ability to express one's individuality as well as one's group identity. In terms of American culture, one of the things that body art is often used to portray is one's status in society. With just a quick glance, we can often tell what status someone is. While upper class people could easily wear old, raggedy clothes and not spend a lot of money on stylish hair cuts, manicures, jewelry and so forth, they choose to do so in order to portray their high status and achievements. Another example of a message portrayed by body art in America is the rebellious stage known as adolescence. It is not uncommon to witness teens displaying body art such as hair dyed an unnatural hair color or clothes that are all black or somehow different from traditional, acceptable clothing. For other cultures around the world body art can be used not only to portray status and rebellion, but it can be used to signify the coming of age, membership in a tribe or gang, or appealing or connecting to spirits or ancestors, among other things. One of the consequences of body art on society is its potential for misinterpretation. The messages that body art conveys to the people in one culture may not translate the same way to people from another culture. For example, a woman living in America may wear revealing clothes, such as a short skirt and a sleeveless or low-cut shirt.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Essay Example for Free

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Essay The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (abbreviated USSR), otherwise called the Soviet Union, was a constitutionally-based socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It emerged from the Russian Empire after 1917 Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War that occurred from 1918–1921; the USSR emerged as a union of several Soviet republics. The geographical boundaries of the USSR varied with time; however, the last territorial conglomerations of the Baltic states, eastern Poland, Bessarabia, and other territories within the region during World War II, from 1945 until dissolution the boundaries approximately included those of late Imperial Russia, with the notable exclusions of Poland, most of Finland, and Alaska. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States of America were the two contending world superpowers that dominated the global agenda of various economic policy, cultural exchange, foreign affairs, military operations, advancements in science and technology, space technology and sports. Soviet propaganda was not known for its intricacy. Citizens of the USSR saw the agenda as stern and authoritarian in conformity to the foundational policies it stood for. Even the buildings were designed to nuisance and imposing. It was difficult to reminisce of happy childhood memories. Despite the tough policies of the Party, a new wave of nostalgia for Communist times surfaced in Russia. Apparently, time has glossed over memories of Soviet hardships, giving way to warm and fuzzy feelings for times of old. This is confirmed by the study by the Yuri Levada Analytical Center, Russias most widely-respected polling agency; 67 percent of Russians say they regret the fall of the USSR. The ultimate experience in over-the-top state promotion: the Soviet theme park is known by its Russian initials, VDNKh, it is a case study in architecture as propaganda on the outskirts of Moscow. VDNKh is a monstrous 578-acre park in northwest Moscow, (accessible via the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya metro line). It houses more than 80 pavilions and monuments originally designed to showcase the achievements of the USSR. Each one is devoted to a specific aspect of the Soviet Union: agriculture, economics, science, industry and hunting, to name a few. And of course, theres the cosmonaut pavilion. The place is a theme park of ideology, a carnival of communism. VDNKh was designed solely to boost the glory of the State. Welcome to Soviet Disneyland. The years following the Empires collapse saw a knee-jerk purge of all things Soviet from public spaces: streets were renamed, commemorative plaques were defaced, and hundreds of statues were torn down. Indeed, VNDKh is one of the few bastions of the Soviet State left those generations too young to remember the Empire can visit. For them, VDNKh must function as a kind of surreal testament to the entirely different world they would have lived in, had they only been born some years earlier. For tourists, its an intriguing chance to encounter the onetime showpiece of the Soviet Union. For older Russians, its either a source of nostalgia or simply an eyesore. A walk through VDNKh provokes a deep sense of irony. The city of Moscow, lacking the funds to either tear down or reconfigure the site, has rented out the space inside the buildings to dealers of cheap electronics, furniture, toys, clothing and even handguns. The site now functions as a gigantic marketplace for goods of every description. None of the exterior facades or monuments has been removed. Buildings topped with nine-foot-tall bronze hammers and sickles are now makeshift bazaars where shady dealers peddle cheap Chinese electronics. Here, at the former epicenter of all things Communist, capitalism mushrooms. But thats old news. New thinking is taking root. According to a number of writers, Russians have been slowly redressing their attitudes towards their country, its economy and the plight of the ordinary Russian. The frenzied fetish for all things Western that swept the nation during the decade following the fall of the USSR seems to have dropped off, replaced by a new reverence for the old system. For many, nostalgia for the Soviet era goes deeper than memorabilia and public monuments. A growing number of Russians pine for a return to red ideology. According to French journalist Jean-Marie Chauvier, Russians are jaded by the fact that most are worse off now then they were under communism, as the country is now run by a core of private oligarchs. Neo-Communist political parties have repeatedly tried to pounce on this. Glossing over the gulags, censorship and bread lines of the old system, they call for a return to the guaranteed security of Communist days. More and more people are listening. A trip to VDNKh illuminates this new wave of thinking. Its been 70 years since the place was built, and more than a decade since it was used as intended. As a free-wheeling market, kitsch and nostalgia replace reverence and fear as the dominant feelings in the place. Now that its little more than a bazaar where anything goes, its easy to forget old atrocities and wish to return to a rosier past. The same goes; it seems, for Russia herself. Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (born on December 11, 1918) is a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings, he made the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet labor camp system, and, for these efforts, Solzhenitsyn was awarded both the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 and exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. He returned to Russia in 1994. In 1994, he was elected as a member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Department of Language and Literature. He is the father of Ignat Solzhenitsyn, a well-known conductor and pianist. In his work Solzhenitsyn continues the realistic tradition of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy and complements it with his views concerning the flaws of both East and West. Throughout the 1960s and 70s he produced a number of major novels based upon his own experiences of Soviet prisons and hospital life under the communist dictator Joseph Stalin. Later in his life Solzhenitsyn saw that his primary mission was to rewrite the Russian history of the revolutionary period in the multivolume work The Red Wheel (1983-1991). At the age of 42, Solzhenitsy had written a great deal secretly, but published nothing. After Nikita Khrushchev had publicly condemned the cult of personality an attack on Stalins heritage the political censorship loosened its tight grip. Solzhenitsyns first book, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, appeared the following year in the leading Soviet literary journal Novyi Mir. It marks the beginning of Soviet prison-camp literature. Solzhenitsyn uses third-person direct speech to examine Soviet life through the eyes of a simple Everyman. Written in a direct style, it describes the horrors of just one day in a labor camp. The book found success both in the USSR and the West, and was compared with Fedor Dostoyevskys novel House of the Dead. When they announced on the radio that some new machine had been invented, I heard Matryona grumbling out in the kitchen, New ones all the time, nothing but new ones. People dont want to work with the old ones any more, where are we going to store them all? (From Matryonas Home, 1963) Historical views During his years in the west, Solzhenitsyn was very active in the historical debate, discussing the history of Russia, the Soviet Union and communism. He tried to correct what he considered to be western misconceptions. Communism, Russia and nationalism It is a popular view that the October revolution of 1917 resulting in a violent totalitarian regime was closely connected to Russias earlier history of tsarism and culture, especially that of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. Solzhenitsyn claims that this is fundamentally wrong and has famously denounced the work of Richard Pipes as the Polish version of Russian history. Solzhenitsyn argues that Tsarist Russia did not have the same violent tendencies as the Soviet Union. For instance, in Solzhenitsyns view, Imperial Russia did not practice censorship; political prisoners were not forced into labor camps and in Tsarist Russia numbered only one ten-thousandth of those in the Soviet Union; the Tsars secret service was only present in the three largest cities, and not at all in the army. The violence of the Communist regime was in no way comparable to the lesser violence of the tsars. Instead of blaming Russian conditions, he blamed the teachings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, arguing that Marxism itself is violent. His conclusion is that Communism will always be totalitarian and violent, wherever it is practiced. There was nothing special in the Russian conditions that affected the outcome. He also criticized the view that the Soviet Union was Russian in any way. He argued that Communism was international and only cared for nationalism as a tool to use when getting into power, or for fooling the people. Once in power, Communism tried to wipe clean every nation, destroying its culture and oppressing its people. According to Solzhenitsyn, the Russian culture and people were not the ruling national culture in the Soviet Union. In fact, there was no ruling national culture. All national cultures were oppressed in favor of an atheistic Soviet culture. In Solzhenitsyns opinion, Russian culture was even more oppressed than the smaller minority cultures, since the regime was less afraid of ethnic uprisings among these. Therefore, Russian nationalism and the Orthodox Church should not be regarded as a threat by the west, but rather as allies that should be encouraged Minor Works Solzhenitsyn published two anti-Stalinist short stories in the January 1963 issue of Novy Mir: Incident at Krechetovka Station and â€Å"Matryona’s House. The first told of a military commandant of a railroad station in World War II who denounced a seemingly innocent man to the secret police and later regretted it. The second told of the struggle for survival of a poor and unassuming peasant woman. In summer 1963 Solzhenitsyn published another story in Novy Mir, For the Good of the Cause, which tells in ironic terms a tale of Khrushchevan bureaucrats acting in the manner of junior Stalins. REFERENCE: Old USSR Posters about Stalin and Soviet people (from 30th) http://www.pbs.org/redfiles/prop/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn http://www.flakmag.com/features/vdnkh.html http://www.litweb.net/biography/358/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn.html

Comparing Ray Bradbury‟s Fahrenheit 451 and Suzanne Collin‟s The Hunger Games :: compare contrast

Fahrenheit 451 and the Hunger Games are both intertwined with a futuristic version of human entertainment and a society absent of religion. Both societies are subjected to gruesome and brutal activities as a form of enjoyment. The desire for a thrill and an adrenaline rush dominates the minds of most people. In Fahrenheit 451, it’s very likely that many people succumb to their deaths from accidents but can easily replaced by members of the parlor family who they accept as their own. In the same way, The Hunger Games consists of exactly what the title suggests. They are annual games, which include starving and murder and serve as society’s primary source of entertainment. Most people don’t enjoy watching the games but, the Capitol forces the districts to watch for it believes they are a good source of entertainment. Seeing how the Hunger Games are basically murdering each other until the last child is standing, it relates closely with the kind of entertainment that the society of Fahrenheit 451 provides with the adrenaline and thrill of the same kind. The people in Fahrenheit 451 like their source of entertainment in the way they approach it but the instances of conformity remains the same. This is unlike that of the people of the districts in The Hunger Games. There is indeed a difference between the two societies yet, in the Hunger Games there is less time for many because so many people are working toward survival, while in Fahrenheit 451, entertainment is something that people do daily. The existence of adrenaline entertainment is similar in both societies. Yet they differ in whether or not the people actually like the entertainment. Another blaring difference between the two societies in Fahrenheit 451 and the Hunger Games is that of their government. The form of government in Fahrenheit 451 consists of a democracy whereas the Hunger Games government is corrupt and resembles nothing of a democracy. Even though we may see the world of Fahrenheit 451 as strange and bad there is still a democracy, which we consider to be fair. A similarity between the two governments systems would be how they both suppress things much like it is today, that each government believes could hurt the stability of society. The Hunger Games government suppresses interaction between districts to instill conformity because they know if there was interaction it could cause unhappiness and take away from the level of cooperation between the people and the government.

Jose Rizal in UST Essay

Fortunately, Rizal’s first romance, with its bitter disillusionment, did not adversely affect his studies in the University of Santo Tomas. His love for higher education proved to be greater than his love for a pretty girl. After finishing the first year of the course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-780), he transferred to a medical course. During the year of his studies in the university, which was under the Dominicans, rival education of the Jusuits, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where he continued to participate in extra curricular activities and where he completed the education course in surveying. As a Thomasian, he won more literary laurels, had more romances with girls, and fought against Spanish students. Mother’s position to higher education. After graduation with the highest position in Ateneo, Rizal had to go the University of Santo Tomas in order to prepare himself to a private career. The Bachelor of Arts degree during Spanish times was equivalent to a high school diploma today. It merely qualified its holder to enter a university. Both Don Francisco and Paciano that Jose should pursue a higher learning. But Dona Teodora did not want him to study more. Evidently she had a premonition that to much knowledge would imperil his child life. In a family council in the Rizal’s home in Calamba, she vigorously objected to have her beloved Jose acquired a higher education. She was thinking of the safety of her son. She know the fate of Filipino intellectuals-Father Burgos, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor,Jose Ma. Basa, and others of 1872-who were either executed or exiled by the Spanish authorities, and blamed their sad fate to their learning. Fearful of the Spanish authorities who seem to frown on those Filipinos who learn to much, she warned her husband. â€Å"Do not send Jose again to Manila. If gets to know to much, they will cut off his head!† Jose, who was present in their family council when his mother said this, was shocked. He know her mother was a woman o education and culture: she even taught him and inspired him to write poetry; she came from a family of high learning – her own brother ( and his uncle)Jose Alberto Alonso had been educated abroad and could speak multiple Spanish, French, English and German. Rizal enters the university. In April 1877, Rizal, who was bearly16 years old, matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas taking up Philosophy and Letters. He enrolled in this course for two reasons: (1) his father like it and (2) he was â€Å"still uncertain to what career to follow†. He had written to father Pablo Ramon, Rector of the Ateneo, who had been good to him during his days in Ateneo, asking for advice in the choice of career. Unfortunately, Father Recto was in Mindanao and during those days it several months to travel a letter from Manila to Mindanao. Consequently during his first term (1877-78) in the University of Santo Tomas he studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of Philosophy. It was during the school term (1978-79) that Rizal took up medicine, enrolling simultaneously in preparatory medical course and the regular first year medical course. Reasons Why Rizal Hate UST 1. Filipino Students are racially discriminated 2. Dominican Friars are hostile to him 3. The method of teachings were obsolete and repressive Reasons Why Rizal Took Up Philosophy & Letters 1. He is not certain as to what course to take 2. His father like it Reason For Taking Medical Studies 1. It is the advice of the Rector of Ateneo, whom he consulted for a choice of career, finally answered his letter, and recommended medicine. 2. He wanted to be a physician so that he may cure his mother’s failing eyesight. Rizal’s Love Affairs in UST Leonor â€Å"Orang† Valenzuela Leonor Valenzuela the fourth girlfriend of Rizal. Several months after during Rizal sophomore year at the University of Santo Tomas, he boarded in the house of Doà ±a Concha Leyva in Intramuros. The next door neighbors of Doà ±a Concha were Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela, parents of a charming girl named Leonor. Rizal a medical student from Calamba was a  welcomed visitor in the Valenzuela home, where he was the life of the social parties because of his clever sleight of hand tricks. He courted Leonor Valenzuela, who was a tall girl. Almost as tall as Jose himself, and had a regal bearing. He sent her love notes written in invisible ink. This ink consisted of common table salt and water. It left no trace on the paper. Rizal, who knew his chemistry, taught Orang (pet name of Leonor Valenzuela) the secret of reading any note written in the invisible ink by heating it over a candle or lamp so that the letter may appear. But as with Segunda, he stopped short of proposing marriage to Orang. Romances with other girls After Segunda Katigbak he courted a certain â€Å"Miss L†. After a few visit he stopped wooing her. After Miss L he courted Leonor Valenzuela (Orang) but stop short of proposing marriage. Rizal’s next romance was with his cousin Leonor Rivera. Between Jose and Leonor spranga beautiful romance and became engage. In 1879, the Liceo Artistico – Literario (Artistic Literarylyceum) of Manila held literary contest it offered a prize for the best poem by a native or a mestizo. Rizal submitted his poem â€Å"A La Juventud Filipina†. (ToThe Youth Filipino).The board of judges was impressed of Rizal poem and gave it the first prize consisted of a silver pen, feathered shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon. The inspiring poem beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from the laziness. Finishes Surveying course in Ateneo (1878) During his term in University of Santo Tomas (1877 – 78, Rizal also studied in Ateneo, he took the vocational course leading to a title of porito agrimensor (expert surveyor)). In those days it should be remembered, the college for boys in Manila offered vocational courses in agriculture, commerce, mechanics and surveying. Rizal’s unhappy days at UST. Rizal’s Ateneo boy wonder, found the atmosphere at the UST a suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy of this Dominican Institution of high learning because (1) the Dominican processors were hostile to him, (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated, and (3) the method of teachings were obsolete and repressive. Decision to study abroad After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study  in Spain. He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in UST. His uncle, Antonio Rivera, Leonor’s father, encourage him to go abroad. Both Paciano and Saturnina, whom he contacted secretly, were of similar opinion. For the first time, Rizal did not seek his parent’s decision and blessing to go abroad, because he knew that they, especially his mother will disapprove his plan. He did not also bring his beloved Leonor in his confidence. He had enough common sense to know that Leonor, being a woman, and young and romantic at that, could not keep a secret. Thus, Rizal’s parent, Leonor, and the Spanish authorities knew nothing of his decision to go abroad in order to finish his medical studies in Spain, where the professors were more tolerant and understanding than those of the University of Santo Tomas. In 1880, the artistic literary lyceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantesand was opened to both Filipinos and Spaniards. Many writers participated including Rizal who submitted an allegorical drama entitled†El Consejo de losDioses† (The council of the Gods). Rizal won and for the first time, an indio defeated several Spanish writer. Other Rizal literary work as an Thomasian: â€Å"Junto al Pasig â€Å", â€Å"Abd-el-Azis y mahoma†, â€Å"Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon†. Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their frequent fight against Spanish students. In 1880, Filipino students in UST Founded â€Å"Compaà ±erismo â€Å"and Rizal was the chief of his secret society and led various street fight.. After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He did not seek his parent’s permission. Thus Rizal’s parents, Leonor, and the Spanish authoriti es knew nothing of his decision to go abroad in order to finish his medical studies in Spain.

Law Cases Essay

Our whole economy is based on the freedom of individuals to contract and a system of laws that enforces contracts freely entered into. But a lot of people may not be aware of what are the essential elements required to make an enforceable contract . Recently I was asked if a contract not in writing is binding . We are so accustomed to seeing contracts in writing that many people assume that a contract must be in writing (and lengthy) before it is enforceable . To form a contract , there are no particular words that must be used by the parties . However , there must be an offer by one side and an acceptance of the offer by the person to whom the offer was made . Without both an offer and an acceptance , there can be no consensus ad idem or a meeting of the minds which is essential to form a contract. No conditions can be attached to the acceptance and the terms of the offer cannot be changed. If conditions are attached or terms are changed, the parties are merely negotiating and may u ltimately reach agreement on the terms of the contract. For example, if your response is that you will pay me $5.00 to cut the lawn but I must cut again next month for the same price, there is no contract. You have made a counter offer which I am free to accept or reject. Likewise, the acceptance cannot be conditional on some other events. In the same way the Lady Gaga has cancelled her concert at the O2 . Harry a local entrepreneur has got 500 T-shirts and he has asked Mike Baldwin a local shirt maker , if it is possible than is he able to print Lady Gaga on the front of the T-shirt . Mike agrees to do it but when Harry went there for collection he saw that the word print on all the T-shirt was Lad Gaga and even the ink of the print damage the material of the T-shirt which is not good . When Harry makes complain about it, Mike told him to refer the contract which is placed on the front door that limiting liability for damaged items to 20% of the value .According to this generally a clause will incorporated if the party has given reasonable notice . These was clearly illustrated in Thompson v LMS Railway . Here the claimant was injured whilst stepping off a train . The railway company displayed prominent notices on the platforms excluding liability personal injury and damage to property due to negligence . The tickets also stated they were subject to terms and conditions displayed on the platform . The claimant was illiterate and could not read the signs. She argued that the exclusion clause was not incorporated into the contract as the railway company had not brought the clause to her attention at the time the contract was made. The clause was incorporated . There is only a requirement to take reasonable steps to bring the clause to the attention of a reasonable person. There was no duty to ensure that every traveller was aware of the clause . The claimant was therefore unsuccessful in her claim for damages. (accessed on e-lawresouces .co.uk , 5/12/12 ) Clearly this objective test will very according to the facts of eagh case but there are a number of factors that are relevant in determining reasonableness in this context , one more thing is required and that is degree of notice . Harry had a small notice at the front door which is limitation clause and it is stated therefor that less onerous than exclusion clause . It may be common notice of trade because the actual size of the notice may be more significant .This has been proved by stating some more case laws such as , Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking , The claimant was injured in a car park partly due to the defendant’s negligence . The claimant was given a ticket on entering the car park after putting money into a machine . The ticket stated the contract of parking was subject to terms and conditions which were displayed on the inside of the car park . One of the terms excluded liability for personal injuries arising through negligence. The question for the court was whether the term was incorporated into the contract ie had the defendant brought it to the attention of the claimant before or at the time the contract was made . This question depended upon where the offer and acceptance took place in relation to the machine . The machine itself constituted the offer . The acceptance was by putting the money into the machine. The ticket was dispensed after the acceptance took place and therefore the clause was not incorporated into the contract. According to previous decision of Spurling v Bradshaw , it is stated that some clauses are to be printed in red ink and with the red hand arrow pointed towards the notice, which could be held in a sufficient way . This reason was further been supported by Court of Appeal . Another relevant factor for the Harry’s present question of reasonableness that is the timing of the notice to be handed . The most effective time for handing the notice is before the contract has been made otherwise it is too late . This has been made abundantly clear in cases such as Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel and Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking . That’s the reason that if Harry had contracted in advance of arriving at the counter , the notice would be too late . However if he arrived to complete the agreement then the clause could be part of the contract . These states that even if the limitation clause is incorporated into the contract than it does not mean that it is an effective clause . The law has sought to protect vulnerable parties from exemption clauses . This protection has take two forms :- Judicial control through the common law and statutory control since 1977 . The judicial approach is known as the contra proferentum rule. According to this , if there is any ambiguity in the wording than that is strictly constructed against the party which seeking to rely on it . Limitation clause are construed in a more liberal manner as they are not as harsh as exclusion clauses .In Ailsa Craig Fishing v Melvern Lord Fraser reffered to this strict principle when they applied , A contract between existed between Securicor and Aberdeen Fishing Vessel Owners Association whereby Securicor were to provide security cover in the harbour where the claimant’s vessels were moored . As a result of negligence and breach of contract the claimant’s vessels sunk. The contract contained a clause which provided that in the event of negligence or breach , Securicor would not be liable for any amount exceeding  £1,000 in any one claim and that it would not be liable for more than  £10,000 in any twelve month period . The House of Lords held that where the clause limits liability rather than excludes liability altogether the courts should apply the natural meaning of the clause and not be too eager to find ambiguity . So the court would be more lenient in their interpretation of Harry’s clause since it limits liability . If Harry’s clause is clear and unambiguous there would be no scope for application of the judicial control system . As in certain circumstances the clause can even cover a fundamental breach as in Photo Productions v Securicor . According to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, the clause of Harry must be satisfactory . (accessed on Ailsa Craig fishing v Malvern Fishing (1983) . Here the Act clearly applies the Harry’s clause where a business seeks to exclude or limit liability . Under section 2(2) clauses attempting to exclude or limit liability for damaged property caused by negligence are subject to a test of reasonableness . The test is in section 11(1) and basically states that a clause is reasonable if in all surrounding circumstances of the case , than it is reasonable .This circular definition gives the trial judge a discretion to decide each case on it s own facts . under section 11(5) the burden of proving that the clause is reasonable is on the party seeking to rely on it .So Harry must prove that the clause is reasonable . Section 11(4 ) states two factors that the court must consider when determining the reasonableness of a limitation clause . Firstly the resource of party rely on the clause and also the question of whether he is in a position to insure against the risk of loss . Harry’s has the resource of profit making business as opposed to the resources of the community theatre and would also be able to insure against the risk of such losses . After determining the reasonableness of the clause which attempts to exempt liability implied in contracts for the sales of goods , this kind of act must be consider in court. However the courts such as House of Lords states certain factors in two different case laws , they are such as Smith v Bush down to the county court in Woodman v Photo Trade Processing . These two case law states that some of the factors of Schedule 2 are considered as case of negligence. According to the case law of Smith v Bush , it states that a survey report of the claimant’s house carried out by the defendant failed to advise on some structural damage to the property which resulted in the chimney breast collapsing. There was no contractual relationship between the claimant and defendant as the mortgage company arranged the survey and the claimant made payment to the mortgage company . The contract between the claimant and the mortgage company contained a clause exempting the surveyor from liability . In considering if such a clause was reasonable under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 , the court took into account the fact that it was a modest house to be used as the family home and concluded that it was an unreasonable clause and therefore ineffective. The House of Lords held that it might be reasonable for a surveyor to exclude liability if the property was of higher value or to be used for investment or business purposes . According to this case law , they are generally relevant to question of reasonableness , here on of the factor is related to the bargaining strengths of the parties . (accessed on Smith v Eric Bush (1990) , 5/12/12) . In the case law of Woodman v Photo Trade Processing , Woodman sent wedding photographs to PTP for processing . The film was sent in an envelope which contained , printed on the outside , an exemption clause limiting liability to a replacement film . The film was lost due to negligence (it would now be considered as failure to exercise reasonable skill and care under s13 of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982). W sued. The court decided that this limitation on liability was (in these circumstances) unreasonable, since it was due to negligence that the film was lost , and the consumer had no choice over the contract. Since this decision , most postal film companies offer a choice of paying extra for insurance . Even with this option , there have been cases where these companies have been held to be acting unreasonably , because the clause has tended to be hidden , in small print on the envelope. (accessed on economic truth .co.uk , 5/12/12 ) . According to these two case laws, it is relevant that Harry and Mike are two businesses and would appear to have equality of bargaining strengths. This strength can be used as an opposition for both the customer and a business or even for any small business or multinational. Another relevant factor would be whether Mike’s knew or ought to known of the clause, perhaps from the trade . The trial judge suggested that the clause would be more reasonable if the customer had a choice from a two tier service, one will low costs but a high risk , and one with more protection but at a premium . The basic idea from this is logical , and if Harry does in fact offer such a two tier service it would go in his favour . In Phillips v Hyland Slade LJ , it demonstrates the action of the [Unfair contract terms act (1977)] . The plaintiff hire an excavator and driver from the defendant ; the driver negligently drove the excavator into the plaintiff’s building , causing damage . When sued for damages , the defendant relied on an exclusion clause that disclaimed liability for negligent actions of drivers . The plaintiff argued that the exclusion clause was inadmissible under the UCTA , which states that a clause disclaiming liability for damage resulting from negligence must be shown to be reasonable . The defendants tried to argue that the clause at issue was a duty-defining clause , and not an exclusion clause at all . The court , acting in the spirit of the UCTA , deemed that the clause was defensive , not duty-defining , and therefore an exclusion clause under the Act . The defendant also claimed that the clause was reasonable , and could therefore be upheld even if it were construed as an exclusion clause . The court held that the plaintiff , which hired excavators only rarely , was not in a position to estimate the risk involved in doing so ; the defendants , however , were operating in their main line of business , and should have been able to assess the risk accurately and take insurance to cover it . The clause was therefore deemed unfair and struck out .(accessed on lawiki.org/index.php , 5/12/12) . This application of the test of reasonableness turns on the facts of each case and will not be treated as binding precedent . So if the cause if similar to Harry’s than he had satisfaction of previous test of reasonableness , that is not to be taken as an indication of the validity of Harry’s clause . At the last it is clearly stated that this case is also turns on its own facts . REFERENCE :- * Ailsa Craig fishing v Malvern fishing (1983) , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Ailsa-Craig-fishing-v-Malvern-fishing.php , 5/12/12 . * Image of leadership and management , http://www.transitions coaching service.co.uk/page/1lko/about_us_ , 5/12/12. * Philips v Hyland Slade LJ (1987) , http://lawiki.org/index .php?title= Philips_ products_v_hyland_(1987)&action=edit ,5/12/12 . * Smith v Eric Bush (1990) 1 AC 831 , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Smith-v-Eric-Bush.php ,5/12/12 . * Thompson v London ,Midland and Scotland Railway co , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Thompson-v-London-Midland-and-Scotland-Railway-co.php , 5/12/12) . * Woodman v Photo Trade Processing 1981 , http://www.economic-truth.co.uk/?page_id=148 ,5/12/12 .

A Comparison of My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays Essay Example

A Comparison of My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays Essay Example A Comparison of My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays Paper A Comparison of My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays Paper Essay Topic: Literature Literature offers insight into human relationships. Poems, in particular, may uncover deep and often unresolved struggles that one may have with a loved one. In Theodore Roethkes My Papas Waltz and Robert Haydens Those Winter Sundays, the protagonists each have a troubled relationship with his father. It is evident that there is a central conflict between father and son, despite a genuine love for the former, which ultimately leads to an ironic response from the son. Both narrators in My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays appear to have a conflict with their father. This can be seen in My Papas Waltz in that the narrator must cope with an apparent drunken father: The whiskey on your breath / Could make a small boy dizzy; (1-2). And when they waltz together, it is tragic, too, that the son must pay for his fathers mistakes: At every step you missed / My right ear scraped a buckle. (Roethke 11-12). The title of the poem itself in using the word My in My Papas Waltz rather than Our symbolizes his father being intoxicated, in that the waltz is actually his own drunken walk. The apparent agon is developed in to more than just a psychological struggle, in to what appears to be physical abuse: The hand that held my wrist was battered on one knuckle (Roethke 9-10). Breaking this statement in to two parts and with no further explanation as to why the fathers knuckle is battered, it implies that not only does he hit his loved ones, he moreover shows no love; The father should be holding his sons hand when they dance, yet he holds his wrist as if to say let go of me. Having a troubled father is evident as well in the eyes of the narrator of Those Winter Sundays, when after working hard all week, his father comes home to an ungrateful family: Sundays too my father got up early and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold, then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather made blanked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him. (Hayden 1-5) There appears to be a conflict between members of the household, further illustrated by the statement which reveals there are chronic angers of that house. (Hayden 9). However, it is important to note that the narrator himself never once shows ingratitude for his fathers hard work he refers to the tension of that house, and may not have been referring to himself in pointing out that No one ever thanked him. (Hayden 5). Otherwise, he may have continued in the first person point of view and emphasized rather I never thanked him. Regardless, there appears to be a struggle at hand for both narrators. Despite conflicts of the household and obvious troubled fathers, the sons of each poem still have a genuine love for their dads. In My Papas Waltz, the son/narrator recognizes that his dad works hard for the family with a palm caked hard by dirt (14), and in turn wants to help his drinking problem. For this purpose, he dances with his dad willingly. He acknowledges his mothers presence, yet chooses not to dance with her. And although he claims Such waltzing was not easy (Roethke 4), he hung on like death (Roethke 3) in fear of what may happen if he falls asleep possibly, his father may drink again and physically abuse his mother. It is not until the final stanza of Those Winter Sundays where the son, too, shows appreciation for his fathers hard work, and in effect, a genuine love for him. He firstly emphasizes the word too in line 1: Sundays too my father got up early to acknowledge the fact that not only did he work during the blueblack cold (Hayden 2) days of winter, but even on Sundays a day reserved by most, to rest. Tone and order in this stanza are particularly important to demonstrate the sons love: Speaking indifferently to him, who had driven out the cold and polished my good shoes as well. What did I know, what did I know of loves austere and lonely offices? (Hayden 10-14) Naturally, if he had still wanted to show hatred toward his father, he would have put line two and line three of this stanza before line one, as if to say even though his father did good deeds, he still spoke cruelly to him. And although this one insensitive gesture of speaking indifferently to him is made known, the tone is immediately changed (as a sort of bildungsroman) to that of regret, shown by repetition (verse 13) in his look back at the way he treated his father. In truth, the narrator repeatedly acknowledges his fathers hard work, an irrefutable sign of love for him. Yet it is only the fear of that angry household mentioned earlier, which makes him act hostile toward his father. Both narrators seemingly love their father, yet their behavior ironically shows otherwise. An incongruity between expectation and reality is present in both poems. The son in My Papas Waltz speaks of an alcoholic and domineering father. The latter is ascertaining when the boy says: My mothers countenance could not unfrown itself. (Roethke 7-8). Using the words could not as opposed to did not explains a certain predicament the mother holds against her spouse that she has no choice but to show a distressing face and likely has no control over the unpleasant situation of the kitchen rumble. It seems the case that a small child would be fearful of this type of father figure, and consequently run away or repress from the burdens of a not-so-ideal relationship. However, he does just the opposite as he explains whilst his father brings him to bed, (I was) Still clinging to your shirt. (Roethke 16). Whereas the final line of this poem is the quite shocking denouement and petty resolution to a seemingly continuous agon, the conflict is resolved in Those Winter Sundays, yet not withstanding irony. Expectation holds that when a son realizes the warmth (figuratively and literally, in this case) his father brings, he will show sincere gratitude. Yet the reality of this case reveals that even while having a transparent love for his father, a negative demeanor is displayed. In the same way, the statement, When the rooms were warm, hed call, / and slowly I would rise and dress (Hayden 7-8) further illustrates paradoxical behavior; obviously there is the realization that a warm room had derived from his fathers hard work to set the fire ablaze. Still, the son shows no thanks by slowly responding to this kind gesture. It is not until after over three-quarters of the narrative is through does the author show remorse for his actions. He realizes he should have firstly overcome the disapproval that would have came from his family, and secondly, shown the love to his father that he truthfully felt as expected, rather than act antagonistic. The narrator of My Papas Waltz shows love toward an incompetent father, whereas the narrator of Those Winter Sundays shows a lack of appreciation to a hardworking father. In both Theodore Roethkes My Papas Waltz and Robert Haydens Those Winter Sundays, the narrators must each cope with a conflict with his father, and in spite of a sincere love for him, the son behaves ironically toward his parent as a result of this conflict. Just like these authors, many people are faced with family ordeals. The manner in which they are overcome, however, depends both on the weight of the problem at hand, and the internal strength of the person who chooses to manage such tribulations.

Great Wall of China essays

Great Wall of China essays The Great Wall of China is one of the largest building projects ever carried out. It stretches about 1,500 miles from Bo Hai off the Yellow Sea in the East to the Gansu province in the West. It is so large it can be seen from space. A majority of the wall was built between 500-3000 years ago. It is believed to be the largest graveyard in history because bones of the workers that died during construction were utilized along with the material to build the wall. The wall served to mark the boundary between the agricultural civilization of China and the civilization of the nomadic tribes of the north and northwest (www.travelchinaguide.com). "The Great Wall was considered to be a great asset to the first emperor, Chin Shih-Huang-Ti, known the founder of the Chin Dynasty. He and other states of north China joined together and extended the separate walls built by earlier states to serve as a defensive barrier against the nomads, especially the Turkish tribes. It took roughly ten years to complete and long hours of hard labor. Each stone is believed to be equal to one human life lost in its building. The cost of the wall in money and lives may have been a factor in the fall of the Chin Dynasty." (AOL's Academic Assistance Center). Construction of the Great Wall began in 400 BC. The first emperor of China, Chin Shih-Huang-Ti, wanted the wall built to protect his people from Mongolian invaders. He ordered just about one million people to work day and night for ten years to build the wall. The workers were not allowed to rest and those that complained or ran away, were captured and buried alive. The people, who died while working, were buried in the wall because the emperor did not want to waste time giving them proper burials. After ten years of hard labor, the wall was finished. The emperor Chin Shih Huang-Ti believed that his defensive barrier would prevent invasion of the Mongolian tribes. Even though the Great...

Using the Each Method in Ruby

Using the Each Method in Ruby Every array and hash in Ruby is an object, and every object of these types has a set of built-in methods. Programmers new to Ruby can learn about how to use the each method with an array and a hash by following the simple examples presented here. Using the Each Method With an Array Object in Ruby First,  create an array object by assigning the array to stooges. stooges [Larry, Curly, Moe] Next, call the each method and create a small block of code to process the results. stooges.each { |stooge| print stooge \n } This code  produces the following output: Larry Curly Moe The each method takes two arguments- an element and a block. The element, contained within the pipes, is similar to a placeholder. Whatever you put inside the pipes is used in the block to represent each element of the array in turn. The block is the line of code that is executed on each of the array items  and is handed the element to process. You can easily extend the code block to multiple lines by using do to define a larger block: stuff.each do |thing| print thing print \n end This is the same as the first example, except that the block is defined as everything after the element (in pipes) and before the end statement. Using the Each Method With a Hash Object Just like the  array object, the  hash object  has an  each  method that can be used to apply a block of code on each item in the hash.  First, create a simple  hash object  that contains some contact information: contact_info { name Bob, phone 111-111-1111 } Then, call the  each  method and create a single line block of code to process and print the results. contact_info.each { |key, value| print key value \n } This produces the following output: name Bob phone 111-111-1111 This works exactly like the  each method  for an  array object  with one crucial difference. For a hash, you create  two  elements- one for the  hash  key and one for the value. Like the array, these elements are placeholders that are used to pass each  key/value  pair into the code block as  Ruby loops  through the hash. You can easily extend the code block to multiple lines by using  do  to define a larger block: contact_info.each do |key, value| print print key value print \nend This is the same as the first hash example, except that the  block  is defined as everything after the elements (in pipes) and before the  end  statement.

HR Management Transformation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Management Transformation - Research Paper Example This can be explained with the help of an example. Business leaders would want to maximize their profits. The HR leaders may be honored if they are capable of explaining the business leaders of numerous ways to manage the people in the organization for maximizing their profitability. In order to develop a better organization, the leaders need to have lucidity in their thoughts as well as sense of directions. They need to have patience which seems to be the toughest stage. Since the HR managers needs to face the situations where negotiations are made, therefore, the HR leaders’ need to be self disciplined (Saha, n.d.) It can be mentioned that the history of the human resource management can be traced back to the 19th century during the existence of the welfare officers. It was the First World War that sped up alterations in the development of personal management where the women were recruited in order to fill up the gaps that were left by the men who were going to fight. It was during the Second World War, the concept of welfare and personnel work came into being. Further, during the 1960s and the 1970s the development of employment was evident. ... HR as a strategic partner can be understood as maintaining long-term relation with the organizational partners so that the common objectives can be achieved. The companies are capable of making the human resources as the strategic partner’s by delivering effective human resource services. The main reason behind the change of HR management from administrative and operational functions to the strategic partner is that there is constant change in the demands and trends of the organization triggering the need for new ways of thinking as well as operating. Such change necessitates the HR as well as the other professionals to alter their ways of looking at things. In order to add value to the organization, it becomes essential for the human resource professionals to play new roles and thus show broader competencies with the change in time. Furthermore, the companies require new model so that they can assist the decision makers at making sound decisions related to the human resource policies. The companies are capable of enhancing their competitive advantage by aligning the HR strategies to their business plan (Dye, n.d.). Ford Motor Company has changed it view from tough managerialism that can be described as a management philosophy based upon the rigid pursuit of tight control over its employees, to a strategy where the employees are encouraged to participate and involve themselves in the strategy building process. According to the views of the HR Director of Ford Motor Company, Mr. Patrick David, for the restructuring organizations the job of the human resource department comprises one of the challenging tasks. Since many years, human

HSIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HSIE - Essay Example All in all, I assisted in putting the power point presentation into a coherent group presentation. In addition, my role was to do complete the dot point that stated the task to ‘provide a brief suggestion for how this topic would be implemented in a classroom context’. This required research and the development of ideas on how the topic of Indigenous Australians could be implemented and integrated into the classroom setting. The experience in this group field visit work was, all in all, a positive experience. A primary reason is that, the experience allowed me to develop my negotiation skills, especially as group works often require members to negotiate with each other. Through the visit, as a student, I was able to gain hands-on experience and better understanding of indigenous Australians. More specifically, it allowed me to understand deeply the Indigenous Australians culture and lifestyle, especially where the resources for their daily lives were shown. The most significant professional and pedagogical learning that I have gained from the group field work is on the knowledge I was able to gain about this unique group of people. In other words, I was able to see what the Indigenous Australians’ way of life was. It allowed me to gain knowledge on their creation. For instance, I was able to see how the woven baskets they used served multiple purposes – in carrying their food and in some instances, their babies. Also, the most significant learning from the group was that due to each member’s research and information gathering, I was able to gain a functional understanding of the different equipment they used to survive, for instance, the New South Wales shield. In addition, my experience allowed me to also gain information on how the Indigenous Australians were influenced by the Europeans. This was clearly apparent on the items seen in the Australian Museum, including the shield (Australian Museum, 2012). In additi on, the most

Cosmopolitan magazine sells sex to its audience Essay

Cosmopolitan magazine sells sex to its audience - Essay Example The rest of the paper analyzes aspects of the issue and the magazine in general, including format, audience, coverage by subjects and content, advertising, ideologies and cultural stories, and the overall worth of the magazine to pop culture (Hearst Communications). II. Format The standard page size of the print magazine is 290 x 210 millimeters, and within this page all of the contents of the magazine are bound, including all articles, photos, advertisements and the cover and back pages (â€Å"Cosmopolitan Specifications†). What differentiates Cosmopolitan from other print magazines is presence of digital and online formats, to complement the print format that is widely distributed physically. The digital versions are identical to the print ones, except that they are made available via the popular digital media distribution formats, namely the iPad, the Kindle, and the Nook. These are on top of the online versions to be had via the web browsers, which include the preview vers ion on which this analysis is largely based (Hearst Communications). The layout of the front page is centered on the model for the month; in this case the picture of Kate Upton is front and center in the front page, with the Cosmopolitan banner in yellow, and the rest of the cover background in pink. Around the cover photo are the headlines of the different stories featured on the magazine issue, surrounding Kate Upton. The emphasis of the articles is on the readers' egoistic and sensual interests. A key feature of every issue, of course, is the pictorial of the model of the month. In this case, the pictorial of Kate Upton for the November issue is already included in the website. The website pictorial is notable for including advertisements for featured products, in this case lingerie. The lingerie worn by Kate Upton has corresponding brands and prices. This way of advertising is a common format for the magazine, more of which shall be discussed in the advertising section of this p aper (Hearst Communications). Among the key defining aspects of Cosmo are the tones that are geared towards women in terms of color, and the use of the word â€Å"sex† in capital letters at least one time in the cover page every issue, in the most prominent part of the magazine cover. Past cover pages confirm this, with at least several article titles bearing the word sex in them. The format is always that of a glossy magazine with the topics inevitably including sex and sex stories purveyed by the magazine all over the world (Zimmerman). III. Audience The audience, it is clear, is made up of women buyers and consumers of the magazine, fans of popular culture, and media in general. The semi-naked photos of Kate Upton likewise invite the males as an alternative audience, even as the primary focus of the articles and the advertisements are women. An analysis reveals that general circulation is about 3 million, with an audience base that extends to 64 countries, corresponding to the 64 international versions that are made available to different audiences by nationality on a monthly basis. The audience extends from teenagers to adult women in different parts of the world, with emphasis on the middle class (Zimmerman). IV. Subjects Covered, Content Summary As discussed in the format, the subjects covered revolve around female grooming and beauty interests, the opposite sex from the point of view of women, and always

Marketing research - social media audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing research - social media audit - Essay Example Additional products and services include Safaricom Mail and Safaricom shops. In March 2007, Safaricom Company, in collaboration with Vodafone Group Services Limited, via Vodafone Marketing S.A.R.L., launched the M-PESA services (Mobile Money Transfer Services). Based on its advancements in terms of growth and service provision, the Company has signed agreements with other companies i.e., Vodafone International Holdings B.V. it is worth noting that one of its major achievements was realized in 2009 (two years after its establishment), when it realized a100 percent interest in Packet stream Data Networks (http://www.safaricom.co.ke/about-us/about-safaricom/our-history-heritage). WHAT: Safaricom begun as a department of the Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation based on an analogue ETACS networks and later upgraded to GSM in 1996. On 3 April 1997, Safaricom Limited was integrated as prescribed in the Companies Act under the category of private limited liability company, and alt ered into a public company on 16 May 2002, with limited liability. WHO: Safaricom Company is faced with a stiff competition for Airtel, Essar-yu, and Orange companied. Although they apply different strategies, their targeted market is one. WHY: Following its good reception by the market and effective management, Safaricom Company has come up with a range of services and products such as financial aid initiatives, charity foundation, communication support, customer care services, advisory services, flashback services, ‘kipokezi’ services, mobile internet connectivity, e.t.c. KEY WORDS Safaricom limited (Current name of the company since the year 2002) Safaricom Kenya (Fundamental name of the company) Safaricom Foundation (Its branch that is tasked by major charitable activities to the communities) ‘M-Pesa’ (Safaricom being the sole provider of this service where subscribers can send and receive money via their mobile phones as long as they are within the pro ximity of the service coverage, i.e., East Africa). ‘M-Shwari’ (Safaricom being the sole provider of this service aimed at promoting local business operators i.e. SMEs). ‘Okoa Jahazi’ (Safaricom being the sole provider of this service. ‘Okoa jahazi’ is a Kiswahili term that means advance acquisition of airtime that is paid upon toping up the line). Bob Collymore (Safaricom CEO) Mobile application providers (these applications are mentioned in the executive summary covered above) Mobile Money Transfer Services provider (in addition to the ‘M-Pesa’ services covered above, pay bill services, and buy airtime/top up services are also provided). COMPANY ANALYSIS AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS Competition intensity within any industries is not an issue that is based on luck. Competition has its foundation on the underlying industries’ economics and proceeds well beyond any other established competitors within a defined market. Not all in dustries have equal potential while competing for market coverage. Companies differ basically in their definitive profit potentials as the collective strength of the forces of competition differs; the forces range from intense in industries like paper, tires and steel, where no firms earn spectacular returns, to relatively mild in industries where high returns are common. Initiating

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of Literature review

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of an audience 2.Is there an association between anxiety levels, physiological arousal, stature and performance - Literature review Example It can also be looked as a kind of subjectively unpleasant feeling of dread and various kinds of events that are over-anticipated like the feeling of an imminent death. It is important to note that anxiety is not similar to fear (Pertaub, Slater & Barker 2001, 375). Fear is the actual response to real or certain perceived threats in the immediate environment. On the other hand, anxiety refers to the expectation that a certain threat or worse experience will happen in the future. In this case, anxiety can be seen as a special feeling of worry, fear and an uneasiness that is often generalized and also unfocussed as an overreaction to situations that seem to be subjectively menacing. In some cases, anxiety is often associated with restlessness, muscular tensions, fatigue as well as problems and challenges in concentration (Karunakaran 2011, 49; Bailey & Wells 2013, 328). It is important to note that anxiety can be an appropriate action and feeling; however, when it is not managed effectively and goes on for a long time, it can be dangerous to the particular individual by causing anxiety disorders (Crawford 2004, 518). This kind of disorders can affect an individual’s productivity at the work place, family and in personal life, calling for the need to manage it in the most effective and efficient ways. People that often have varying levels of anxiety often do not perform equally in front of their audience. Different people often have various ways in which they manage their stress levels, while some can easily put it under control in order to perform well in various disciplines, others, especially those coming into the sport for the first time like athletes and performers can be broken down by it. For most performers, those that ends up failing to manage stage fright end up having high levels of anxiety, which affects their performance. For athletes, the

US criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

US criminal justice - Essay Example Before going into the discussion regarding affect of one’s opinion about the purpose of sentencing on selecting the most appropriate type of punishment, let us get a better understanding of what sentencing actually is.Sentencing is a stage in criminal justice system in which a judge decides a punishment for a criminal. The purpose of sentencing plays a very critical role in deciding the most suitable type of punishment because it makes a judge decide whether to satisfy the victim or to punish the offender according to the law. The judges, however, can make the decision on their own in a very few situations because they have to look at the punishment which is set in the law for any specific crime. The way the juries make a decision against criminals has been continuously changing with time (Renter). For some crimes, there are laws, which apply fines and banishment for the criminals whereas for some crimes, there are very harsh punishments set for the criminals. â€Å"Today the re are many things the criminal justice system aims to do by imposing punishments and sentences† (Renter). One’s belief in the purpose of sentencing plays a crucial role in reducing the crime rate from a country. In the US criminal justice system, the aim of the judges is to reduce the crime by sentencing the criminals on merit. The goal should be to make the criminals refrain from crimes by giving law-based punishments to the criminals. Some judges believe that sentencing should be a way to stop the criminals from committing crimes by giving harsh punishments to the criminals whereas others believe that sentencing should also involve will of the victims in order to satisfy the victims properly. Therefore, one’s belief about the purpose of sentencing plays a critical role in deciding appropriate punishments for the criminals. Answer: No: 2 Some of the most famous sentencing models in the United States include indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing, and mandatory sentencing. Indeterminate Sentencing In indeterminate sentencing, the judges state a minimum and maximum length of imprisonment for the criminals depending on the nature of the crime committed by them. It is the most widely used sentencing model in the United States of America (Siegal 498). The minimum time of imprisonment is must for all criminals whereas the maximum time depends on some specific circumstances. The model gives power to the judges to decide the number of years for the imprisonment of the criminal by providing the judges with both limits for the years of imprisonment. Indeterminate sentencing provides range and flexibility to the judges by giving them the power to decide the appropriate duration for imprisonment of the criminals. Determinate Sentencing Determinate sentences are fixed terms of incarceration in which the offender has to spend a specific number of years in the prison. In determinate sentencing, there is a set of guidelines for the judges that define the parameters to be followed while deciding the sentences. For rehabilitation purposes, determinate sentencing model is too restrictive as compared to indeterminate sentencing. A good thing about the determinate sentencing model is that the offender keeps in mind the punishment for any specific crime and hesitates to commit the crime and go back to jail for anther term of imprisonment. Mandatory Sentencing Another type of sentencing model is mandatory sentencing in which a judge has to give a mandatory punishment to the criminal because in this model of sentencing, a judge has little or no control over the punishment set for any specific crime. Mandatory sentencing restricts sentencing disparity and limits individualized sentencing by limiting the discretionary power of the judges to impose any kind of disposition. Mandatory sentencing has helped the government of the United States reduce the overall number of crimes by incarcerating the offenders who might have

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of Literature review

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of an audience 2.Is there an association between anxiety levels, physiological arousal, stature and performance - Literature review Example It can also be looked as a kind of subjectively unpleasant feeling of dread and various kinds of events that are over-anticipated like the feeling of an imminent death. It is important to note that anxiety is not similar to fear (Pertaub, Slater & Barker 2001, 375). Fear is the actual response to real or certain perceived threats in the immediate environment. On the other hand, anxiety refers to the expectation that a certain threat or worse experience will happen in the future. In this case, anxiety can be seen as a special feeling of worry, fear and an uneasiness that is often generalized and also unfocussed as an overreaction to situations that seem to be subjectively menacing. In some cases, anxiety is often associated with restlessness, muscular tensions, fatigue as well as problems and challenges in concentration (Karunakaran 2011, 49; Bailey & Wells 2013, 328). It is important to note that anxiety can be an appropriate action and feeling; however, when it is not managed effectively and goes on for a long time, it can be dangerous to the particular individual by causing anxiety disorders (Crawford 2004, 518). This kind of disorders can affect an individual’s productivity at the work place, family and in personal life, calling for the need to manage it in the most effective and efficient ways. People that often have varying levels of anxiety often do not perform equally in front of their audience. Different people often have various ways in which they manage their stress levels, while some can easily put it under control in order to perform well in various disciplines, others, especially those coming into the sport for the first time like athletes and performers can be broken down by it. For most performers, those that ends up failing to manage stage fright end up having high levels of anxiety, which affects their performance. For athletes, the

The differences between islamic banking and conventional Essay

The differences between islamic banking and conventional banking-system - Essay Example s that act as safe deposits of people’s savings without which they will have no place to save and will also face the risk of keeping all money at home. Banks also facilitate lending and people can borrow any amount of money they require in any convenient manner. Banks essentially act as intermediary between depositors who lend money to the band and borrowers to whom the banks lend money. The amount that banks pay to the depositors and the amount that they received from the borrowers are both called interest. Both depositors and borrowers can be individuals, families, organizations, governments and so on. Since at any point of time some depositors withdraw their money, many others do not. This provides the banks opportunity to convert short term deposits, which are their liabilities to long term loans which are their assets. The interests that banks pay to their borrowers are less than the interests that the banks pay to their depositors. This difference serves as income of ban ks all over the world. Although banks play a crucial role in the management of money from depositors and lending money to the needy, banks are also indispensable for national and international payments system. Banks also create money. Individuals, organizations or governments do not only need banks as safe custody of their money, but they all also need to circulate their funds like money getting transferred from â€Å"buyers to sellers or employers to employees or taxpayers to governments† (Gobat). In this case too banks play a prominent role. They handle payments like issuing personal cheques to making electronic payments of large amounts between banks. The payments system is a â€Å"complex network of local, national, and international banks and often involves government central banks and private clearing facilities that match up what banks owe each other† (Gobat). In today’s era of international trade, most payments are administered instantly. An efficiently managed system of payme nts is

Water Scarcity Could Result in War Essay Example for Free

Water Scarcity Could Result in War Essay Water is a very important resource since no one can live without water. In many countries especially those enclosed by borders, water remains to be a scarce resource. Because of many factors such as pollution and climate change, water has become a greater issue and has been identified as a possible cause for war. It is of greater importance in comparison to oil since people can live without oil but not without water. Even as much of the earth is composed of water, only 2. 5 percent is not saline and two thirds of this 2. 5 percent is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. At least 20 percent of what remains are situated in areas away from civilization. Consequently, humans have access to only 0. 08 percent of the planet’s water not to mention a portion of this that is not potable because of pollutants. With a limited supply of potable water and a demand that is expected to increase by 40 percent in the next two decades, the world is facing a water crisis (Kirby). India is one country that is experiencing a water crisis and it is not expected that the level of precipitation in India would increase to make up for a relatively high rate of population increase. Another factor that affects the water supply in India is that much of its rivers are polluted. This urged the local government to act and clean all major rivers. Professor Klaus Topfer explains that the world population is increasing but the amount of drinking water available does not increase which results in conflict over the resource (Joshi). The water crisis in India could even spark war with China as the latter diverted the flow of the Brahmaputra River, coming from Tibet flowing into the mainland and into India, in order to bring water to water-scarce areas in the country. This has spawned tension between the already not-so-good relations between the two countries. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh talked to Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao about the issue when he visited Beijing but Jiabao argued that the move is critical to the country’s survival (Ramachandran). Numerous other countries have had conflicts regarding water supply. Turkey planned to build a dam on the Euphrates River. Syria accused Turkey of meddling with their water supply which almost triggered war between the two nations. Tension also existed between Botswana, Namibia and Angola because of the Okavango basin. Additionally, conflict has existed between Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia because of water from the Nile River. Water scarcity was also a crucial factor in the Arab-Israeli war in 1967. Israel mainly controls the Jordan River which causes Jordan and Palestine to suffer from a limited water supply (Reid). Even states within the United States have engaged in conflict with each other because of the scarcity of drinking water. In October 2007, Alabama filed a complaint against the Engineer Corp for reducing the water released from Lake Allatoona which will have serious implications on the state’s water supply as well as the navigability of the Alabama River. Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue wanted to cut the release of water from Lake Lanier into Chattahoochee River which means taking water from Alabama as Georgia is suffering from a severe drought (Dille). According to United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, â€Å"water scarcity threatens economic and social gains and is a potent fuel for wars and conflict. † Several environment experts in Great Britain also pointed in the same direction. They have identified 46 countries that are vulnerable to a water crisis arising from climate change and other crises that could result in violent conflict. These 46 countries are home to more than 2. 7 billion people (Trumpet). Various studies and models suggest that climate change will have a significant impact on the availability of freshwater resources, on water quality, and on the demand for water. Climate and regional hydrologic models suggest changes in the variability of storms, in the frequency, intensity, and area of tropical disturbances, and in the frequency of droughts and flooding in particular areas. (van der Molen Hildering 136) However, climate change may not be the real reason behind the water crisis, also considering that climate change whether it is true or not is still unproven. Even if the world’s water supply was not affected by climate change, the supply would still not be able to meet the demand. There needs to be 20 percent more potable water in order to satisfy the demand once world population reaches 8 billion in 2005 (Trumpet). In 2001, United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan said that war, instead of being triggered by the battle for oil, would be triggered by the scarcity of water resources. Probable sites of conflict are bodies of water such as rivers that are shared by a number of countries (AAP). It may be noted that conflict had always been caused by the battle for resources even as people are not aware of it. This is the natural law for survival (Mason). Water is a very important resource since it is critical for the survival of humans aside from its other uses. Many countries have already engaged in conflict with other countries because of water. Even US states have had quarrels with each other because of the scarcity of the resource. In the future, war would be fought for water instead of oil and this is hardly an exaggeration. The world is a game of survival and people need water to survive. If there is not enough of the resource, it can be expected that people would fight over it. Works Cited AAP. 2006. â€Å"Lack of water, energy could cause war. † Energy Refuge. December 18, 2008 http://www. energyrefuge. com/archives/energy_and_war. htm Dille, Shannon. 31 October 2007. â€Å"Drought Causes Water War Among Southern States. † Samford Crimson. December 18, 2008 http://media. www. samfordcrimson. com/media/storage/paper1166/news/2007/10/31/News/Drought. Causes. Water. War. Among. Southern. States-3068251. shtml Joshi, Yateendra. 26 February 2003. â€Å"Water: cause for war in the future. † Mumbai Central. December 18, 2008 http://www. mumbai-central. com/nukkad/feb2003/msg00891. html Kirby, Alex. 2 June 2000. â€Å"Dawn of a thirsty century. † British Broadcasting Corporation. December 18, 2008 http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/science/nature/755497. stm Mason, Betsy. 21 November 2008. â€Å"The Science of the Future of War. † Wired. December 18, 2008 http://blog. wired. com/wiredscience/2008/11/sex-and-war-exc. html Ramachandran, Sudha. 12 August 2008. â€Å"India quakes over China’s water plan. † War In Iraq. December 18, 2008 http://iraqwar. mirror-world. ru/article/183411 Reid, John. 28 February 2006. â€Å"Water Wars: Climate change may spark conflict. † Independent. December 18, 2008 http://www. independent. co. uk/environment/water-wars-climate-change-may-spark-conflict-467957. html â€Å"Water Scarcity: A Cause for War. † 6 December 2007. Trumpet. December 18, 2008 http://www. thetrumpet. com/index. php? q=4532. 2790. 0. 0 Van der Molen, Irna Hildering, Antoinette. â€Å"Water: cause for conflict or co-operation? † Journal on Science and World Affairs 1. 2005:136.

Politics in the Pakistan Media

Politics in the Pakistan Media Introduction: When someone brings news to you- you should investigate its credibility first (Quran). Politics is the life blood of media coverage because that forms the reality of perception on which action is based. Political environment is depicted by media. Today, everyone of us has make us more enjoyable and leisure life by watching TV, and they enjoy by listening radio and read magazine and newspaper. People are influenced by shows on TV and articles in the newspaper. Media keeps the people updated and informed about what is happening around the world. Not only people have positive impacts on the TV, they have negative impact too. They are informed and are intouch with the upcoming news. People should get aware of the information they get that can be dangerous in their minds. The TVs permeate their lives, guiding us what are we supposed to wear, how we are supposed to look and act. Television not only give positive but negative effects as well on the viewers of talkshows, many studies have impact of television on society. Mostly young ones are more affected by this. 14 August 1947 when 1st time these words were spoken instead of this is all India radio by Zahoor Azher in English and Mustafa Ali Hamadani in Urdu building of radio Pakistan Karachi built in 1950. In Pakistan Television was 1st introduce in the excitation near Mezare Quaid on 16 September. In 1955, it was a small source of entertainment and short circuit television came into being (Pakistan corporation limited PTV). 1st official television station commenced transmission telecast from Lahore. In Karachi 1966; In 1974 Peshawar and Quetta , In 1991-1992 original telecast work in black and white PTV launched a full-scale satellite telecasting services. PTV news , PTV national , PTV bolan (BOLOUCHI) , PTV Global (dish network) . In 15 July 1990 , 1st private channel NTM ( network television marketing ) was launched. On 1st March 2002 General Pervez Musharaf issued the ordinance for launching the private channels. Nearly 100 channels can see on TV like GEO , ARY , HUM , DUNIYA , SAMA , WAQAT , EXPRESS , CITY42 , MASALA , ZAUQ , GEO sports , Qtv , AJJ , etc , which is based on news , sports , religion , informative , documentary , music , cooking , business , political etc . Abdul Razaq Yaqoob (ARY) has leading private channels chain in Pakistan ( Javaid,2012) . History of talk show is quite long, and it represents first formats of programing in tv history. While the greater part of the early shows was geared towards politics and Government, a number of celebrity-oriented shows began to start up during the 1960s. In 1070s, talk shows were replaced by game shows.a host figures and anchors always host the talk shows.talk shows usually consist of groups of people who are learned and who get a great experience to whatever issue is being discussed on the episode of the show. A call-in show is that in which anchors takes the live call. Pakistani media is very lively. Current Affair programs or Talk Shows is most important format of private television channels. There are multi-dimensional role of Talk Shows or Current Affair Programs in Pakistani society : to inform to educate to formulate public opinion Current Affair Program or Talk Shows have great impact on politics , social values , life styles of people , relationship of masses and foreign policy. There are many Pakistani Talk Shows that are fulfulling our masses needs. For example : GEO Talk Shows ( AJJ RAAT KAMRAN KHAN K SATH ) , ( CAPITAL TALK ) ARY Talk Shows ( KHARA SACH ) , ( ) In theses talk shows , ask soft questions about our country crises due to this viewers like these programs because in these Talk Shows everyone fights and the anchor are expert in engaging people in fight with each other. Talk Shows is a TV program in which single anchor or more than one anchor have a conversation on different current affairs, participants of the talk shows are usually educated. They have great information experience about the current issues happening around the world. In some of the talk shows a single guest tells about their life experience, their work , career etc. the most important aspect of talk show is to spread awareness to give information to others etc. Nowadays people not only think about politics but they even are very interested in each and everything about talks ahows and happenings in it. By the talk shows nowadays viewers judge who is better what is good which political party they should give their votes to, and who will be the next leader this all helps the viewers to know more about it. Rationale of the study: The present study on â€Å"role of anchor of news channels creating political awareness in youth†. The researcher selected this topic to measure the role of news anchors to create political awareness among youth. Nowadays in Pakistan political issues are increasing day by day and almost every news channel is showing talk shows. Through these talk shows everyone got to know the political situation and issues happening in our country. Youth is the major part of our country on which our country development lies. From these talk shows people specially our youth came to know about political issues of our country. This study will also useful for our government. Objectives To find out the impact of talk shows Anchors in creating political awareness among youth in Lahore. To measure the level of political worth based on political participation and political awareness among youth in Lahore. To find out the knowledge of respondent about politics. Hypothesis Hi- Political Talk Shows motivate youth to take part in politics. Ho- Political Talk Shows are just for awareness of political issues. Hi- Talk Shows increase political efficacy among youth of Pakistan Ho- Talk Shows are informational live program for update of news in detail. Hi- Political talk shows increase the knowledge of respondents. Questions Do you think the role of talk shows Anchors effect the mind of youth in Lahore ? Do you think the Anchors play effective role in reporting a leader’s position? Is Anchors are providing proper information about political issue to their youth? Don’t you think that these political talk shows just give benefits to their channels? Are talk shows guided by the guests rather than anchor? Literature review Kabir (1965) states in his study that television has ability and it changes the tradition in the society and also has power to change the social rules of the society, television enforce the society to adopt new trends and made them part of their lives. . The purpose of the study is to measure the impact of t.v programs in the behaviors and the standard of living towards media. Roper (1975) as quoted by Mark (1982) in his research concluded that people habitually got most of the news about what is going on in the world from TV . When Ropers organization asked a national cross-section about this in 1974 , 65% replied TV and only 47% said newspapers. Rmeez Ahmad from the University of Punjab found that Talk Shows are increasing the political awareness and socialization of the viewers. Although respondents have awareness to talk shows they dont participate in politics. It showed the passive attitude of the young towards politics. Talk Shows of Pakistan TV channels are now an enjoyable battle of two political parties instead of conclusion on different issues or problems and demand from the people. Bilal et al. in 2012 consummated a study on talk shows on Pakistani TV. Their objective was to explore the relationship between spoken words and ideology of the Talk Shows anchors. They picked up two Talk Shows from GEO TV and they found that anchors try to maintain Talk Shows intentionally by setting agendas. However, Yousuf in 2012 states that Talk Shows are creating political awareness im Pakistan. Researcher showed that Pakistani electronic media is more informative. Talk Shows are playing a major role in shaping awareness. The researcher has conducted surveys. The study found that, TV viewers watch Talk Shows regularly and that they consider Talk Shows to be an informative program. A grand majority 96% of viewers believed that, Talk Shows can provide political knowledge and generate awareness to the public. Politics means social relations involving authority or power and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy. According to Hegel, Political History is an idea of the state with a moral and spiritual force beyond the material interests of its subjects: it followed that the state was the main agent of historical change ( Hegel, 1991). Aristotle concludes that man is a political animal : we can only achieve the good life by living as citizen in a state. Afsheen (2002 cited in saghir, 2009), in her article: As far as news Talk Shows section is concerned , private TV channels are doing well. In the discussion on ARY and GEO , people belonging to different political parties and areas of Pakistan express their views. They try to cover all the important occurring in Pakistan either having international values or not. So it is really a good sign that is public can get hold of all the information without censor or distortion of facts in governments favor. Today people not only think over it but also talk about politics. They know each and everything today due to political talk shows and also can judge who is better and should be next Leader and can work better for their country. ( politics portal, 2012). Four different ways of measuring the impact of anchor of Talk Shows have been used in previous research : stoichiometric techniques , interviews with key information , observation , and self-designating techniques (Jacoby , 1974; Rogers Cartano 1962 , Weismann 1994). The prominent measurements have always been self-designating techniques, because they can easily be administered in survey. Rees in 2007 said that uniqueness of the opinion in not special to the set-up of the talk shows. he states, In TV programs , we find normal arguments produce in normal ways, but intensified by the pressures of the specific purpose and layout of the show , hosts elicit arguments to increase the entertainment value of the show; participants use arguments to detract their opponents image and to enhance their own image. Alina , Marukh and Rana (2006) conducted the research level of interest in TV programs channels and its impact on personal aspiration of youth. For the conducted research, the greater the level of interest in TV programs, the greater will be the impact on personal aspiration of the students. Further, to find out the relationship, if any , between the level of interest in TV programs and its impact on personal aspiration. The study conducted by Daheem , Misbah and Atif (2007) , research of impact of political communication through electronic media on party loyalty. For the conduction of the present research , the researchers chose Pakistan Peoples Party that the division or categorization amongst this party has been seen to a much lower extent as compared to other contemporary political parties. Researchers also observed that the element of loyalty exists muh more in PPP as compared with other parties of its own level. Theoretical Framework There are many theories which are related to media and influence individual directly, proportionally, immediately etc. These theories have different means to the media and their users. Many theories come into this framework that can relate the topic of researcher. But researcher discussed the one theory which is : Two-Step-Flow of communication. Introduction Of The Theory: The two-step flow of communication theory was first introduce by Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson , and Hazel Gaudet in The Peoples Choice, a 1944 study focused on the process of decision-making. These researchers expected to find empirical support for the direct influence of media message on their viewers. This theory assert the information from the media moves in two distinct stages. First, individuals(opinion leaders) who pay close attention to the mass media and its message receive the information. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretations in addition to the actual media content. The term personal influence was coined to refer to the process intervening between the medias direct message and the audiences ultimate reaction to that message. Opinion leaders are quite influential in getting people to change their attitudes and behaviors and are quite similar to those they influence. The two-step floe theory has improved the understanding of how the mass media influence decision making. The theory refined the ability to predict the influence of media messages on audience behavior, and it helped why certain media campaigns may have failed to alter audience attitudes and behavior. Application Of The Theory: The theory describes that Talk Shows are answerable for refining viewers about the idea of political and social truth. This situation is clearly exposed by research which seeks to establish what audience can and do understand about and from the mass media. Such researches have shown that audience can talk intelligently, perform the way they see something influenced by media. The mass media may not be successful in telling people what to think , but mass media successful in telling what to think about. Media and the political talk shows creating awareness among audience and youth about the current situation of their country. The TWO-STEP FLOW THEORY asserts the following points: the information is transferred not only by the medium but also through interpersonal communication. There are people between the medium and the interpersonal communication network which are called opinion leaders or Anchor persons. The influence of such opinion leaders or Anchor persons is significantly larger than that of the medium. Research Methodology: Current Affair Programs are main source of television. It is playing a main role in creating political awareness among youth in Lahore. Mass Media is the source of influencing people to participate in politics and this is the only source of creating awareness in citizens that how to improve and run our political system. People are mainly affected by the news and news Current Affair Programs that are on air on different news channel of Pakistan around the clock. Research Design/Method: The design used by the researcher is survey design. Research Tool: The researcher used questionnaire . The questionnaire was usually developed to measure the role of Anchor persons in creating political awareness among youth in Lahore . close ended question were used. Close ended question allow the respondent to answer free and unbiased responses. Population: The population includes viewers of current affairs talk shows . So in this research the population is selected of youth in Lahore both Male and Female of ages 18 to 25. Sample: Different institutions of Lahore ( Kinnaird college , Lahore college , Punjab university and LUMS ) Accidental / Convenience Sampling : This sampling is used to collect data . A sample of 200 people has been selected. Department of media studies and political science are selected of chosen universities . The following universities have been selected randomly to conduct a survey among youth in Lahore Kinnaird college for women Lahore college for women Punjab university LUMS Variables: Daily watching Talk Shows creating awareness among youth Positive viewpoint about the country Political involvement 4.7Control Variable: Age 18-26 Respondents: Students or Youth 4.8 Statistical Analysis: The statistical software used is Mini Tab

Servitude and Power Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

What is servitude? What is power? Are these things sought by all humans or is it something that is forced upon us? Servitude is a slavery or bondage of any type. Power is strength in ability to do. The fact about humanity remains that we are all influenced in all lifestyles by these two simple words. Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tempest† focuses on these themes of power and servitude and presents them to us in a manner that shows the true egotistical side of humanity and the lengths that we will go to get what we want. Here the question is posed: Who is the slave and what is to gain? It is true that many of the characters show aspects of slavery, making â€Å"each character† the answer; but individually, each character still gives its own representation to the topic. A relationship that breaks the mold and does not fit with all the other human struggles for power on the island is the one between Miranda and Ferdinand. Their struggle does not match all the others and t hey have different gains in mind from everyone else. Miranda just under fifteen years old is gentle and compassionate to say the least and is very passive. She is born with â€Å"a knowledge of the common humanity in which all men participate† (Douglas 233,236). You can easily see her emotional state and compassion in her very first lines: â€Å"O, I have suffered / With those that I saw suffer!† she says of the shipwreck (1.2.5–6), and hearing Prospero’s tale of their narrow escape from Milan, she says â€Å"I, not rememb’ring how I cried out then, / Will cry it o’er again† (1.2.158-160). However, even though Miranda is very passive in some ways, she has a few moments where she demonstrates strength and power that further complicates how we view this naà ¯ve girl. This first moment captures the s... ... there are here! / How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world / That has such people in 't". (5.1.215-218) Through this passage, and many of her others, Miranda shows a positive attitude which is almost strange when compared to the other characters. He could have easily agreed and receieved help from her but he affirms the honor of his intentions. However, until those intentions are tested not even he can be sure of them. â€Å"His only weakness seems to be an inclination to sit and admire her when he should be using time to complete work the point is made in terms of remembering and forgetting.† (Douglas 233,236) This weakness is made very clear when he states: My sweet mistress Weeps when she seems me work, and says such baseness Had never like executor. I forget; But these sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours, Most busy least when I do it. (3.1.11-15)

Farewell to Arms by Hemingway

Roxane Noffra Mr. Livingston 06/11/2012 Task 2 In uk/farewell-to-manzanar-2/">Farewell to arms, written by Hemingway, we can appreciate how the (Henry) protagonist grew due to his relationship with Catherine and his experiences in war. His growth represents a genre convention: a typical development in the characters, overall in the protagonists. At the beginning of this book, Henry is characterized as being a drunken, womanizer fascinated with the nightlife; in fact, when he knew Catherine, he considered her just as another adventure, as the women he used to meet in the brothel.In chapter 3, it’s easy to noticed how Henry indulged the temptation preferring to drink and having fun with girls, just for pleasure, without getting involved in a serious relationship â€Å" . . . and the strange excitement of waking and no knowing who it was with you . . . † (pag. 13). Through his best friend Rinaldi, Henry met Catherine, the woman that will influence his changed.She was a mat ure woman, a woman that had a fiancee who died in a battle before they could get married; In fact, she had a different perspective of war from Henry’s point of view, she was more realistic about it instead Henry was not even interesting in the war, he did not really know why he joined the war effort. However, as his experiences in war intensify, he became deeply pessimistic about the war. However, he realizes that his love for Catherine is the only thing he is willing to commit himself to, considering her as his religion.One of the relevant developments of Henry character is how his point of view toward war changed. On chapter 5 the difference between Catherine and Henry’s point of view is highlighted through their conversation in which Catherine looks more mature and realistic â€Å" . . . Let’s drop the war. † Henry said, Catherine answered, â€Å"It’s very hard. There’s not place to drop it† but on chapter 9 when Henry had more exp erience and is in love with Catherine his point of view changed, when he responded to Passini that omething worse than war is defeat (pg. 50). In point of fact, Henry became pessimist toward war. Some of his arguments were that he had not seen or appreciated any kind of glory or sacred (pg. 185), something that they were supposed to feel and go through in war. This conversation with the Italian soldier Gino, stand out how he was growing through his experiences. He claimed that the people sacrificed themselves for nothing; there were not results in war just more number of deaths.Previously, Henry did not consider his relationship with Catherine a serious one. However when he was wounded, learned to value life and to prepare him to enter into a love relationship with Catherine. His first step to realize, that his feelings toward Catherine were different can be read in the next passage â€Å"I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgot ten to come but when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow. † (pg. 41).Here Henry is realizing that with her he was changing his manner of treat women and that being away from her affected him. First of all, she was the first person whom gave him a reason of being scared of, since had something to lose; there is a quote on page 137 said by Catherine before she confessed his pregnancy â€Å"Life isn’t hard to imagine when you’ve nothing to lose. † Here she means that until that point they did not have any to loose but now they were going to have a baby: an objective in life.But for Henry the thing that he had more fear of losing was Catherine, as we can read in the last chapter â€Å" . . . you took the baby but don’t le her die. That was all right but don’t let her die. Please, please, dear God . . . † (pg. 330) also we can see how the character desperately pleaded with God to save his love, something that never occ urred in the novel before. On contrary, Henry never showed any kind of belief in God. In fact, his relation-ship with Catherine had been the main reason of his development.Being in company with a brave and mature woman taught him those characteristics. His growth is very clear: from a guy that did never feel in love, whom loved to drink and have fun, became a responsible and mature guy, something that even his closest friend noticed. Through his experiences, he understood that one must be engaged in life and be responsible. In fact, the development of this character represents a genre convention; the author used the relationship between Henry and Catherine to highlight Henry’s growing.